During the period of economic recovery in the early 1950s, the state began a preliminary socialist transformation of capitalist industry and commerce. This was accomplished through such means as placing state orders with private enterprises for the processing of materials or the manufacture of goods, having private shops market the products of state-owned enterprises, and instituting a state monopoly of the purchase and marketing of the products of private enterprises. In 1953 the CPC Central Committee included in the general line for the transition period the task of gradually realizing the socialist transformation of capitalist industry and commerce. Efforts were concentrated on developing joint state-private enterprises, the advanced form of state capitalism. In these enterprises the state had a certain amount of shares, management was exercised jointly by representatives of the state and of the capitalists with the former as leaders, and the capitalists were entitled to about one fourth of the profits while the rest went to the state and the workers. In this way the enterprises were partly socialist. In November 1955 the Central Committee adopted the "Resolution on the Transformation of Capitalist Industry and Commerce", by which it decided to convert all enterprises, trade by trade, to joint state-private ownership. In the next few months the conversion proceeded rapidly throughout the country, and by the end of 1956 the socialist transformation of capitalist industry and commerce had been basically completed.